Bunkering of fuel, fuel segregation, preparation and fuel management. Bunkering large volumes of highly-polluting fuel-, hydraulic- and lubricating-oils is a high-risk activity, particularly when being received at a high rate of hundreds or thousands of tons per hour. Overflowing tanks or ruptured hoses because the wrong valves were opened or closed would be a disaster…
Section A A ship will steam from Port A to Port B, and the owner has the option of calling at Port X along the route to bunker. Distance Port A to Port X 6000 nautical miles Distance Port X to Port B 2550 nautical miles Operating costs $6500 per day Cargo to be…
Most ships have a conventional engine that propels the vessel, and several generators that provide electricity for the variety of electrical and electronic machinery and equipment. Some ships do not have a main engine but several generators that produce electricity to drive electric motors that propel the ship. Electricity is also used for the ship’s…
A very urgent message from the master of Zonnekus arrives on the agent’s smart phone at 10:30 on 21 November, and he reads it immediately : He ascertains that a helicopter is available but it only has a range of 200 miles (i.e. 100 miles on the outward flight and 100 miles on the return…
Every ship entering harbour must have an agent. The shipowner appoints the agent in each port of call. (NOTE : If the ship is on charter, the charterer may appoint an agent in a port of call to look after the charterer’s interests.) However, a ship’s agent represents either the shipowner or the charterer – or…
Shipbuilding is a high-profile, labour-intensive industry. To establish a shipyard with its launching “ways” and highly technical planning offices and workshops requires much capital and highly skilled naval architects, engineers, electronic engineers, technicians and artisans, especially shipwrights, precision welders and heavy-current electricians. In short, shipbuilding is one of the top of the range engineering industries.…
Ships are scrapped when they come to the end of their economic lives i.e. it costs a lot to maintain them. Some charterers will not want to charter an older ship, especially if insurance surcharges apply to cargo shipped in an older vessel. Scrapping is often hastened by low charter rates, making it difficult for…
A cargo owner needs cargo moved (or a ship operator needs an additional ship.) He engages a shipbroker who finds suitable ships. After meticulous checking of the ships, the charterer chooses a ship, and via the broker, makes a FIRST OFFER. The ffirst offer includes charter/freight rates and other conditions The shipowner either accepts or…
During Trade Sanctions against South Africa up to 1990 Because trade sanctions against South Africa during the apartheid times had taken effect less cargo was available and fewer ships were needed. Lower freight and charter rates were being experienced. At the start of the container era, the South Africa-Europe Container Service used 9 large containerships…
Rebuilding of Europe and Japan after World War 2 Huge volumes of construction materials were required to rebuild the cities, towns and infrastructure that had been badly damaged during the war. Huge volumes of grain and other food needed to be moved to Europe and Japan where people were starving as many farmlands and animals…